Showing posts with label Batteries. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Batteries. Show all posts

Thursday, December 12, 2013

Battery History


The following are notes on battery history
  • History of Batteries
    • 2000 years ago Baghdad battery
      • created in Mesopotamia 
      • Jar of ceramics created with a speculated structure of copper with walls of iron
      • if filled with unknown composition of electrolytes meets the requirements for a battery
      • Maybe used to plate gold onto silver?
    • 200 Years Ago Animal Electricity
      • Galvani while doing a dissection a steel scalpel touched a brass hook that was holding a frog leg in place
      • Battery composition
        • Steel scalpel has iron 
        • brass hook has copper
        • preservatives acted as electrolytes
  • First Battery
    • Voltaic Pile 
    • set of individual galvanic cells placed in series
    • copper and zinc stacked together with electrolytes sandwiching the two metals
  • History of electrochemical energy storage
    • Galvani
    • Volta - Voltaic Pile 
    • Daniell - Zn/Cu Cell
    • Faraday - Basic Principles of electrochemistry
    • Grove - H2/02 cell
    • Plante - Lead Acid Cell
    • Leclanche - Zn Carbon dry cell
    • Edison Zn/Ni and Fe/Ni cells
  • Modern Batteries
    • modern development started around half a century ago
    • Solid Electrolytes
      • 1966 Yao and Kummer Beta Alumina Solid Electrolyte: Fast Na Ion Conductor
      • birthed solid state ionics
      • Rubidium silver iodide
    • Internal Phenomena
      • Whittingham steele insertion reaction electrodes
      • created Le/TiS2 cells
      • Sony commercialized the first Lithium ion batteries

Tuesday, November 26, 2013

Battery Applications and Parameters

The following are notes on Batteries for their common applications and parameters
  • Battery Applications
    • Portable Applications
      • Portable electronics, laptops, iphones, toys, medical devices
      • battery used to start engine in cars is the largest market
        • lead acid and lithium ion
      • High energy batteries, highest energy for given size
    • Stationary Applications
      • Pairing with with intermittent sources of electricity
      • high energy is less important
  • Common Forms Factors of Batteries
    • Button Cells in Watches
    • Cylinder Cells
    • Lithium Ion
    • Prismatic Cells
  • Sizes of Batteries
    • 4.5-volt (3R12) battery 
    • D Cell
    • C cell
    • AA cell
    • AAA cell
    • AAAA cell
    • A23 battery
    • 9-volt PP3 
    • button cells
  • Types of Batteries
    • Chargeable or non-chargeable
    • Battery Chemistry
      • Alkaline 
      • Lead acid 
      • NiCd nickel cadmium
      • NiMH nickel metal hydride
      • Lithium ion
  • Important Parameters of Batteries
    • Energy (Watt Hour)
      • Energy Density - Energy Per Unit Volume
      • Specific Energy - Energy Per unit Weight
      • Characterize the total amount of energy it carries, lifetime of battery once you charge it up, distance of electric car
    • Power (Watt)
      • How fast you can take the energy out of a battery
      • Power Density Power per unit volume
        • Example more important for Laptop, fitting into size constraint for a high usage device
      • Specific Power Power per unit weight
        • Car, heaviness of battery impacts performance
      • Life
        • Cycle Life, times we can charge and discharge a battery with its capacity still above 80% of the original
        • Calendar Life Time a battery can last if left on shelf
          • Electrical car ensure it can last for about 10 years?
      • Safety
        • Battery intrinsically is in unstable state
      • Temperature Performance
      • Cost
        • Currently its difficult to justify batteries for cars and grid use